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Multiple studies have shown an association between anxiety or depression and functional gastrointestinal symptoms but have not established the direction of the association or causality.
To determine if anxiety or depression increases the risk for functional dyspepsia (FD) or gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (GERS), researchers conducted a 10-year follow-up of 887 participants randomly selected from a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Participants underwent endoscopy at baseline and completed the comprehensive Abdominal Symptom Questionnaire and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline and 10 years later. The Rome III criteria were used to define FD, which excludes GERS (defined in this study as troublesome heartburn, acid…