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The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE)-3 is an international randomized trial conducted in 21 countries; China, India, Colombia, Argentina, and Canada contributed the most participants. The trial included 12,705 people (age, ≥65 for women, and ≥55 for men) without known cardiovascular (CV) disease who were considered to be at intermediate risk by virtue of meeting at least one inclusion criterion: Elevated waist–hip ratio, HDL cholesterol level <39 mg/dL (men) or <50 mg/dL (women), current or recent smoking, prediabetes or diet-controlled diabetes, premature coronary disease in first-degree relatives, or early renal dysfunction. Most participants had at least two risk factors.
In a 2×2 factorial design, each participant received dai…