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Living in indigent neighborhoods has been associated with poor academic and behavioral outcomes in children. To learn whether living in such neighborhoods also has biological correlates, investigators recruited 85 black children (mean age, 10 years; age range, 5–16; 41% boys) from New Orleans neighborhoods linked to 51 census tracts.
The density of liquor and convenience stores, a factor in crime rates, was determined via census-tract information (i.e., within a 500-meter radius); levels of violence and domestic violence were determined by neighborhood crime rates and police calls, respectively. Analyses controlled for multiple variables (e.g., parental reports of the child's witnessing of violence, maternal smoking, parental drinking, and p…