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Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) can be a tenacious problem, with one in three affected patients suffering relapses that might require months of treatment. In animal models, immunization against the organism's toxins confers protection against initial infection. Researchers hypothesized that human monoclonal antibodies against these toxins might also lower relapse rates among patients with active disease. In two industry-sponsored, phase III trials, more than 2500 CDI patients from around the world were randomized to receive single intravenous infusions of actoxumab (a monoclonal antibody against C. difficile toxin A), bezlotoxumab (Zinplava; a monoclonal antibody against toxin B), both, or placebo, along with standard antibiotic CDI t…