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Despite level I evidence for large benefits from epilepsy surgery for anterior medial temporal lobe epilepsy in adults and adolescents, only a small minority of candidate patients are offered surgery. Less evidence is available on children, who have the most to gain from mitigating the severe effects of recurrent seizures on the developing brain. Addressing this issue, investigators completed a single-center, randomized, controlled trial in patients aged 18 years or younger with all types of medically intractable focal epilepsy, comparing 1-year outcomes of surgical treatment versus continued medical therapy alone. After completing a comprehensive presurgical evaluation with noninvasive tests, patients were randomized to either undergo surg…