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Some preschoolers present with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. To learn about possible neuroanatomical correlates at this young age, researchers performed an MRI study.
Parents completed a one-time questionnaire on ADHD symptoms. Preschoolers underwent training to be acquiescent in the scanner. Exclusions included IQ <80, other psychiatric disorders, and maltreatment history. ADHD participants were medication-free and had symptoms across multiple settings for ≥6 months.
The final sample consisted of 52 children with ADHD symptoms and 38 without symptoms who could be scanned (age range, 4–5 years; 64% boys). In analyses controlling for total cerebral volume, the ADHD group showed significantly smaller gray-matter volu…