Effects of Breakfast Consumption on Weight and Energy Intake

Observational evidence suggests regular breakfast consumption is associated with lower body-mass index (BMI) and lower risk for obesity. Researchers identified 13 randomized clinical trials that assessed the effects of regular breakfast consumption on weight change or energy intake in 520 healthy participants (age range, 18–55). The control groups ate no breakfast (and typically fasted until midday); in most of the trials, the intervention groups ate prescribed breakfasts (e.g., specific foods, calorie intake, time of meal). Adherence to eating or not eating breakfast was assessed through direct visual monitoring, food diaries, and self-recall. Weight was measured at study visits and by self-report.

After mean follow-up of 2 weeks, participa…