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Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occasionally complicates outpatient treatment of patients with cancer, but it is unclear whether prophylactic anticoagulation with a direct inhibitor of factor Xa would be beneficial. Investigators conducted an industry-sponsored, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIIb trial involving 841 patients with cancer who were at risk for VTE (Khorana scores ≥2 on a scale of 0–6) and were receiving outpatient antitumor therapy. Participants were randomized to rivaroxaban (10 mg daily) or placebo for 180 days; all underwent serial ultrasound examinations of both legs. The primary efficacy endpoint was a composite including symptomatic deep venous thrombosis, asymptomatic proximal vein thrombosis, and VTE-related dea…