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Smoking is the strongest predictor of bladder cancer, which is the fourth and ninth most common malignancy among U.S. men and women, respectively. Although risk for bladder cancer is lower among former than among current smokers, the degree of risk reduction after quitting remains uncertain. Investigators analyzed combined data from the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational studies (143,279 women; age range: 50–79 at enrollment; 53%, 40%, and 7% were never, former, and current smokers, respectively).
In all, 870 bladder cancers were diagnosed during mean follow-up of 15 years. Adjusted for age, compared with never smokers, former and current smokers' risks for bladder cancer were 2.0 and 3.4, respectively. In analysis ad…