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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is diagnosed with parent/teacher rating scales, self-report, or both, but sometimes these are supplemented with cognitive testing. Psychostimulants are generally a first-line treatment, but adverse effects (insomnia, lack of appetite, headache, abuse risk) limit utility. The present meta-analysis focused on the effects of nonpharmaceutical interventions for the cognitive symptoms of ADHD in children and adults.
All studies had to include pre–post neuropsychological testing in attention, flexibility, inhibition, working memory, or “higher” executive functions. Interventions from the 18 identified studies were sorted into four categories: neurofeedback (patients increase attention and impulse con…