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Intranasal insulin may modulate amyloid dynamics and vascular function in the brain. In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase 2/3 clinical trial, researchers investigated using intranasal insulin in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer disease (AD).
Participants received either 40 IU of intranasal insulin or placebo for 12 months during a blinded phase, followed by a 6-month open-label extension. Primary outcomes included change in Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale−cognitive subscale scores obtained at 3-month intervals. Secondary outcomes included functional assessments and memory-specific tests obtained every 6 months. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers amyloid-β42 and amyloid-β40, total tau and phosphorylated tau, …