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In critically ill, mechanically ventilated patients, herpes simplex virus (HSV) can frequently be detected in the respiratory tract. Whether this represents an insignificant viral reactivation or a marker for disease severity, or whether it contributes to lung injury and sepsis — and thus warrants antiviral treatment — is a matter of controversy (NEJM JW Infect Dis Aug 2007 and Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175:935; NEJM JW Infect Dis Dec 2010 and Infection 2010; 38:401). A retrospective investigation involving 306 patients from four intensive care units (ICUs) in a single medical center who received mechanical ventilation between January 2011 and December 2017 adds another piece to the puzzle. All patients had a positive HSV polymerase c…