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Patients complaining of subjective cognitive decline, often forgetfulness and failing memory, are frequently misdiagnosed with early dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) even after structured mental status examinations. However, MCI is neutral regarding etiology and has little prognostic value. Since few valid tests of biomarkers in early Alzheimer disease are routinely available, differentiating impairment that is likely to progress to neurodegenerative dementias from other conditions is of great importance. Other causes of decline include systemic illnesses, medications or other substances, mild traumatic brain injuries, and nondegenerative brain diseases. Another etiology is functional cognitive disorder, estimated to account for …