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Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae induce longer-lived immunity than polysaccharide vaccines. The current conjugate vaccine (PCV13) contains 13 pneumococcal antigens; therefore, additional vaccination with the 23-valent polysaccharide product (PPSV23) has been recommended to cover more serotypes. Can this regimen be improved? In a manufacturer-sponsored phase 3 randomized study involving adults without prior pneumococcal vaccination, those participants aged ≥60 received PCV20 (a newly developed conjugate vaccine) or PCV13, then 1 month later, saline or PPSV23, respectively (i.e., PCV20 was given with or without subsequent PPSV23). Levels of functional antibodies were then assessed as geometric mean titers (GMT) of opsonopha…