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Changes in the intestinal microbiome have been reported in patients with various clinical disorders; attempts to alter the microbiome of the gut range from probiotics to fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Clostridioides difficile infections usually result from antibiotic-associated microbiome changes that allow these bacteria to multiply and cause serious illness through toxin production. FMT has some efficacy in the setting of recurrent or refractory C. difficile infections. Using FMT in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) also has been suggested.
Based on low-certainty evidence, FMT is recommended…