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Standard treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) includes surgery, often with radiation and endocrine therapy, but its favorable prognosis has generated concern about overtreatment. In a recent randomized trial, active monitoring of low-risk DCIS was not associated with increased risk of invasive breast cancer compared with standard care; longer-term follow-up is pending. Meanwhile, observational studies offer further evidence to inform clinical decision making. In the current one, researchers assessed the risk of subsequent ipsilateral invasive breast cancer in 1800 U.S. women with biopsy-confirmed DCIS who received no surgery or radiation within six months of diagnosis (38% of women eventually had surgery and 25% received endocrine …